Abstract: Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, infectious diseases were one of the major threats to the lives and health of the Chinese people for a variety of reasons. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Communist Party of China and Chinese government attached great importance to the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, took the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases as a political task, decided the principles of prevention and control, carried out mass movements, established a medical system, promoted immunization program, set up an early warning system for infectious diseases, implemented "Four Frees and One Care" for AIDS patients, and increased scientific research investment and trained talent echelons. After 70 years of unremitting efforts, the prevention and treatment of China's infectious diseases has achieved brilliant achievements and the life expectancy per capita of China has been greatly improved. In the 70 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China, China has eliminated smallpox, achieved a new incidence of no polio in the country, and greatly inhibited the prevalence of hepatitis B. The HIV inhibition rate of HIV antiviral therapy reached 91% in China. The cure of hepatitis C has also become a reality. In the field of emerging infectious disease prevention and treatment, China has become a "leader" from "followers". The discovery of artemisinin for malaria has won the first Nobel Prize in biomedicine for the Chinese. At the same time, Chinese infectious disease prevention and control workers have also stepped out of the country and actively participated in the global prevention and control of infectious diseases, becoming a practitioner of "building a community of human destiny". However, China's infectious disease prevention and treatment is also facing new challenges and tasks. It is necessary to establish comprehensive health concept, reform the system for the prevention and control of infectious diseases, increase the government's investment in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, and guide the development of infectious disease research with professional scientific research policies to meet the requirements of the new era.